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A conviction is typically formalized through a plea agreement, a jury verdict, or a judicial finding of guilt, as this reinforces the legal establishment of a defendant's culpability in a criminal case.

When a defendant enters a plea, whether it is guilty, not guilty, or no contest, the court formally acknowledges this plea and records it. In cases where a jury is involved, the jury's deliberation culminates in a verdict determining the defendant’s guilt or innocence. Alternatively, if the case is decided by a judge, a judicial finding of guilt can occur after the trial, where the judge assesses the evidence and reaches a conclusion regarding the defendant's culpability.

These processes ensure that the conviction is based on established legal procedures, thus providing a clear and formal record of the decision made by the court. The other options may represent aspects of the legal process but do not encapsulate how a conviction is formally declared in a comprehensive manner.